CVE-2025-31651

CRITICALEPSS 90th pctl

9.8

CVSS v3

Description

Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those constraints could be bypassed. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions may also be affected. Users are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.

CWE-116

How to fix

Remediation Available

tomcat10Debian

Fixed in:10.1.40-1CVE-2025-31651

apache-commons-collections-0:3.2.2Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:10.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:10.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:10.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:10.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:10.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:10.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

apache-commons-collections-0:3.2.2Rocky

Fixed in:10.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:10.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:10.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:10.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:10.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:10.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

apache-commons-lang-0:2.6Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:21.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:21.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:21.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:21.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:21.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:21.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

apache-commons-lang-0:2.6Rocky

Fixed in:21.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:21.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:21.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:21.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:21.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:21.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

apache-commons-net-0:3.6Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:3.module+el8.3.0+6805+72837426.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:3.module+el8.3.0+6805+72837426.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:3.module+el8.3.0+6805+72837426.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:3.module+el8.3.0+6805+72837426.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

apache-commons-net-0:3.6Rocky

Fixed in:3.module+el8.3.0+6805+72837426.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:3.module+el8.3.0+6805+72837426.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:3.module+el8.3.0+6805+72837426.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:3.module+el8.3.0+6805+72837426.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

bea-stax-0:1.2.0Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

bea-stax-0:1.2.0Rocky

Fixed in:16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

bea-stax-api-0:1.2.0Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

bea-stax-api-0:1.2.0Rocky

Fixed in:16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:16.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

fasterxml-oss-parent-0:69Rocky

Fixed in:3.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:3.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

fasterxml-oss-parent-0:69Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:3.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:3.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

glassfish-fastinfoset-0:1.2.13Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:9.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:9.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:9.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:9.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:9.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:9.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

glassfish-fastinfoset-0:1.2.13Rocky

Fixed in:9.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:9.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:9.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:9.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:9.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:9.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

glassfish-jaxb-0:2.2.11Rocky

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

glassfish-jaxb-0:2.2.11Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

glassfish-jaxb-api-0:2.2.12Rocky

Fixed in:8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

glassfish-jaxb-api-0:2.2.12Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:8.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

glassfish-jaxb-core-0:2.2.11Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

glassfish-jaxb-core-0:2.2.11Rocky

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

glassfish-jaxb-runtime-0:2.2.11Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

glassfish-jaxb-runtime-0:2.2.11Rocky

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

glassfish-jaxb-txw2-0:2.2.11Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

glassfish-jaxb-txw2-0:2.2.11Rocky

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:11.module+el8.1.0+3366+6dfb954c.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

jackson-annotations-0:2.19.1Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:2.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:2.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

jackson-annotations-0:2.19.1Rocky

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:2.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:2.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

jackson-bom-0:2.19.1Rocky

Fixed in:1.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:1.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

jackson-bom-0:2.19.1Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:1.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:1.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

jackson-core-0:2.19.1Red Hat / RHEL

Fixed in:2.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:2.module+el8.4.0+23391+b488e6bf.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2724

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:2.module+el8.6.0+23397+419fb810.noarch::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2726

Fixed in:1.module+el8.2.0+23390+7631bd3f.src::pki-deps:10.6RHSA-2026:2725

This vulnerability affects an unusually large number of packages. The highest-confidence fixes are shown above; the full list is longer. Check the referenced advisories for complete coverage.

TridentStack Control can deploy fixes like this automatically across your Windows, macOS, and Linux fleet. See how it works

Remediation is compiled from vendor and distribution security advisories. Always confirm against the linked source for your exact version and platform.

CVSS v3 Vector

Exploitability

Attack VectorNetwork

Attack ComplexityLow

Privileges RequiredNone

User InteractionNone

ScopeUnchanged

Impact

ConfidentialityHigh

IntegrityHigh

AvailabilityHigh

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Exploit Intelligence

4.05%probability of exploitation in 30 days

90thpercentile

Elevated risk: more likely to be exploited than 90% of all known CVEs.

References

Vendor Advisory1

lists.apache.org

Third-Party Advisory1

openwall.com

Other references1

lists.debian.org

Related Vulnerabilities

Other CWE-116 vulnerabilities, ordered by exploit likelihood. View all

CVE	Severity	CVSS	EPSS	Exploited	Fix
CVE-2024-38475	Critical	9.1	100%	KEV	Fix
CVE-2022-36446	Critical	9.8	96%	-	Fix
CVE-2021-31806	Medium	6.5	96%	-	Fix
CVE-2022-30781	High	7.5	89%	-	Fix
CVE-2022-36099	Critical	9.9	76%	-	Fix
CVE-2022-36100	Critical	9.9	74%	-	Fix

Common questions

How do I fix CVE-2025-31651?

Published advisories record a fix for 179 affected products. The "How to fix" section on this page lists the fixed version and source advisory for each one, so apply the entry matching what you actually run.

Is CVE-2025-31651 being actively exploited?

Not that we know of. CVE-2025-31651 is not in the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. Its EPSS score of 4.0% is the estimated probability that it will be exploited in the next 30 days. That is higher than 90% of all scored CVEs.

How severe is CVE-2025-31651?

CVE-2025-31651 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.8, rated critical. CVSS rates the technical impact if the vulnerability is exploited, not how likely that is, so weigh it alongside the exploit-prediction score when you decide what to patch first.

What does CVE-2025-31651 affect?

Published advisories record a fix for tomcat10 (Debian), apache-commons-collections-0:3.2.2 (Red Hat / RHEL), apache-commons-collections-0:3.2.2 (Rocky), apache-commons-lang-0:2.6 (Red Hat / RHEL), and 175 more. Only products with a sourced advisory are listed, so treat this as what we can cite rather than a complete inventory.

Embed a live status badge for CVE-2025-31651

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This product uses NVD data but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. EPSS scores courtesy of FIRST.org (https://www.first.org/epss). Source: CISA KEV Catalog. Data as of 2025-11-03.