CVE & CISA-KEV Catalog

CVE-2025-1686

MEDIUM
6.8
CVSS v3
NVD

Description

Versions of the package io.pebbletemplates:pebble from 0 and before 4.1.0 are vulnerable to External Control of File Name or Path via the include tag. A high privileged attacker can access sensitive local files by crafting malicious notification templates that leverage this tag to include files like /etc/passwd or /proc/1/environ. Workaround This vulnerability can be mitigated by disabling the include macro in Pebble Templates: java new PebbleEngine.Builder() .registerExtensionCustomizer(new DisallowExtensionCustomizerBuilder() .disallowedTokenParserTags(List.of("include")) .build()) .build();

How to fix

Remediation Available
pebble templatesNVD
Affected:< 4.1.0Fixed in:4.1.0CVE-2025-1686derived from NVD

Remediation is compiled from vendor and distribution security advisories. Always confirm against the linked source for your exact version and platform.

CVSS v3 Vector

Exploitability

Attack VectorNetwork
Attack ComplexityLow
Privileges RequiredHigh
User InteractionNone
ScopeChanged

Impact

ConfidentialityHigh
IntegrityNone
AvailabilityNone

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N

Exploit Intelligence

0.78%probability of exploitation in 30 days
52ndpercentile

Moderate risk: more likely to be exploited than 52% of all known CVEs.

References

Vendor Advisory1
Issue Tracking1

Related Vulnerabilities

Other CWE-73 (External Control of File Name or Path) vulnerabilities, ordered by exploit likelihood. View all

CVESeverityCVSSEPSSExploitedFix
CVE-2022-39952Critical9.8100%-Fix
CVE-2024-8517Critical9.895%-Fix
CVE-2023-4634Critical9.883%-Fix
CVE-2018-17246Critical9.882%-Fix
CVE-2024-43451Medium6.582%KEVFix
CVE-2025-33053High8.882%KEVFix
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This product uses NVD data but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. EPSS scores courtesy of FIRST.org (https://www.first.org/epss). Source: CISA KEV Catalog. Data as of 2026-06-05.