CVE & CISA-KEV CatalogNVD
CVE-2023-27522
HIGHEPSS 81th pctl7.5
CVSS v3
Description
HTTP Response Smuggling vulnerability in Apache HTTP Server via mod_proxy_uwsgi. This issue affects Apache HTTP Server: from 2.4.30 through 2.4.55. Special characters in the origin response header can truncate/split the response forwarded to the client.
How to fix
Remediation Available
apache2Debian
Fixed in:2.4.56-1~deb11u1CVE-2023-27522
Fixed in:2.4.56-1CVE-2023-27522
Fixed in:2.4.56-1CVE-2023-27522
Fixed in:2.4.56-1CVE-2023-27522
httpdRocky
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.src::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.src::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
httpdRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.src::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
httpd-coreRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
httpd-coreRocky
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
httpd-core-debuginfoRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
httpd-core-debuginfoRocky
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
httpd-debuginfoRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
httpd-debuginfoRocky
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
httpd-debugsourceRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
httpd-debugsourceRocky
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
httpd-develRocky
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
httpd-develRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
httpd-filesystemRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.noarch::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.noarch::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
httpd-filesystemRocky
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.noarch::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.noarch::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
httpd-manualRocky
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.noarch::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.noarch::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
httpd-manualRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.noarch::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.noarch::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.57-5.el9RHSA-2023:6403
Fixed in:0:2.4.53-11.el9_2.6RHSA-2024:4504
httpd-toolsRocky
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
httpd-toolsRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
httpd-tools-debuginfoRocky
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
httpd-tools-debuginfoRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.s390x::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.ppc64le::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-47.module+el8.6.0+19809+6e655c60.7.x86_64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5049
Fixed in:0:2.4.37-56.module+el8.8.0+19808+379766d6.7.aarch64::httpd:2.4RHSA-2023:5050
jbcs-httpd24-aprRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el7jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el7jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el8jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el8jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
jbcs-httpd24-aprRocky
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el7jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el7jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el8jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el8jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
jbcs-httpd24-apr-debuginfoRocky
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el7jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el8jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
jbcs-httpd24-apr-debuginfoRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el7jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el8jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
jbcs-httpd24-apr-develRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el7jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el8jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
jbcs-httpd24-apr-develRocky
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el7jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.7.0-8.el8jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
jbcs-httpd24-apr-utilRocky
Fixed in:0:1.6.1-102.el7jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.6.1-102.el7jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.6.1-102.el8jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.6.1-102.el8jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
jbcs-httpd24-apr-utilRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:1.6.1-102.el7jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.6.1-102.el7jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.6.1-102.el8jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.6.1-102.el8jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
jbcs-httpd24-apr-util-debuginfoRed Hat / RHEL
Fixed in:0:1.6.1-102.el7jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
Fixed in:0:1.6.1-102.el8jbcsRHSA-2023:4629
This vulnerability affects an unusually large number of packages. The highest-confidence fixes are shown above; the full list is longer. Check the referenced advisories for complete coverage.
TridentStack Control can deploy fixes like this automatically across your Windows, macOS, and Linux fleet. See how it works
Remediation is compiled from vendor and distribution security advisories. Always confirm against the linked source for your exact version and platform.
CVSS v3 Vector
Exploitability
Attack VectorNetwork
Attack ComplexityLow
Privileges RequiredNone
User InteractionNone
ScopeUnchanged
Impact
ConfidentialityNone
IntegrityHigh
AvailabilityNone
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
Exploit Intelligence
2.13%probability of exploitation in 30 days
81stpercentile
Elevated risk: more likely to be exploited than 81% of all known CVEs.
References
Vendor Advisory1
Third-Party Advisory2
Related Vulnerabilities
Other CWE-444 vulnerabilities, ordered by exploit likelihood. View all
| CVE | Severity | CVSS | EPSS | Exploited | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2022-22536 | Critical | 10.0 | 98% | KEV | - |
| CVE-2025-61884 | High | 7.5 | 98% | KEV + Ransom | - |
| CVE-2020-9490 | High | 7.5 | 89% | - | Fix |
| CVE-2023-41265 | Critical | 9.6 | 88% | KEV + Ransom | - |
| CVE-2023-25690 | Critical | 9.8 | 85% | - | Fix |
| CVE-2022-32214 | Medium | 6.5 | 81% | - | Fix |
Common questions
How do I fix CVE-2023-27522?
Published advisories record a fix for 159 affected products. The "How to fix" section on this page lists the fixed version and source advisory for each one, so apply the entry matching what you actually run.
Is CVE-2023-27522 being actively exploited?
Not that we know of. CVE-2023-27522 is not in the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. Its EPSS score of 2.1% is the estimated probability that it will be exploited in the next 30 days. That is higher than 81% of all scored CVEs.
How severe is CVE-2023-27522?
CVE-2023-27522 has a CVSS v3 base score of 7.5, rated high. CVSS rates the technical impact if the vulnerability is exploited, not how likely that is, so weigh it alongside the exploit-prediction score when you decide what to patch first.
What does CVE-2023-27522 affect?
Published advisories record a fix for apache2 (Debian), httpd (Rocky), httpd (Red Hat / RHEL), httpd-core (Red Hat / RHEL), and 155 more. Only products with a sourced advisory are listed, so treat this as what we can cite rather than a complete inventory.
Embed a live status badge for CVE-2023-27522
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<a href="https://tridentstack.com/cve/CVE-2023-27522"><img src="https://tridentstack.com/cve/badge/CVE-2023-27522.svg" alt="CVE-2023-27522"></a>Find and fix vulnerabilities across your fleet
TridentStack Control continuously scans your Windows, macOS, and Linux fleet for known vulnerabilities, prioritizes them by severity and active exploitation, and patches them automatically.
This product uses NVD data but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. EPSS scores courtesy of FIRST.org (https://www.first.org/epss). Source: CISA KEV Catalog. Data as of 2025-05-01.