CVE & CISA-KEV Catalog

CVE-2025-37922

MEDIUM
5.5
CVSS v3
NVD

Description

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: book3s64/radix : Align section vmemmap start address to PAGE_SIZE A vmemmap altmap is a device-provided region used to provide backing storage for struct pages. For each namespace, the altmap should belong to that same namespace. If the namespaces are created unaligned, there is a chance that the section vmemmap start address could also be unaligned. If the section vmemmap start address is unaligned, the altmap page allocated from the current namespace might be used by the previous namespace also. During the free operation, since the altmap is shared between two namespaces, the previous namespace may detect that the page does not belong to its altmap and incorrectly assume that the page is a normal page. It then attempts to free the normal page, which leads to a kernel crash. Kernel attempted to read user page (18) - exploit attempt? (uid: 0) BUG: Kernel NULL pointer dereference on read at 0x00000018 Faulting instruction address: 0xc000000000530c7c Oops: Kernel access of bad area, sig: 11 [#1] LE PAGE_SIZE=64K MMU=Radix SMP NR_CPUS=2048 NUMA pSeries CPU: 32 PID: 2104 Comm: ndctl Kdump: loaded Tainted: G W NIP: c000000000530c7c LR: c000000000530e00 CTR: 0000000000007ffe REGS: c000000015e57040 TRAP: 0300 Tainted: G W MSR: 800000000280b033 <SF,VEC,VSX,EE,FP,ME,IR,DR,RI,LE> CR: 84482404 CFAR: c000000000530dfc DAR: 0000000000000018 DSISR: 40000000 IRQMASK: 0 GPR00: c000000000530e00 c000000015e572e0 c000000002c5cb00 c00c000101008040 GPR04: 0000000000000000 0000000000000007 0000000000000001 000000000000001f GPR08: 0000000000000005 0000000000000000 0000000000000018 0000000000002000 GPR12: c0000000001d2fb0 c0000060de6b0080 0000000000000000 c0000060dbf90020 GPR16: c00c000101008000 0000000000000001 0000000000000000 c000000125b20f00 GPR20: 0000000000000001 0000000000000000 ffffffffffffffff c00c000101007fff GPR24: 0000000000000001 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 GPR28: 0000000004040201 0000000000000001 0000000000000000 c00c000101008040 NIP [c000000000530c7c] get_pfnblock_flags_mask+0x7c/0xd0 LR [c000000000530e00] free_unref_page_prepare+0x130/0x4f0 Call Trace: free_unref_page+0x50/0x1e0 free_reserved_page+0x40/0x68 free_vmemmap_pages+0x98/0xe0 remove_pte_table+0x164/0x1e8 remove_pmd_table+0x204/0x2c8 remove_pud_table+0x1c4/0x288 remove_pagetable+0x1c8/0x310 vmemmap_free+0x24/0x50 section_deactivate+0x28c/0x2a0 __remove_pages+0x84/0x110 arch_remove_memory+0x38/0x60 memunmap_pages+0x18c/0x3d0 devm_action_release+0x30/0x50 release_nodes+0x68/0x140 devres_release_group+0x100/0x190 dax_pmem_compat_release+0x44/0x80 [dax_pmem_compat] device_for_each_child+0x8c/0x100 [dax_pmem_compat_remove+0x2c/0x50 [dax_pmem_compat] nvdimm_bus_remove+0x78/0x140 [libnvdimm] device_remove+0x70/0xd0 Another issue is that if there is no altmap, a PMD-sized vmemmap page will be allocated from RAM, regardless of the alignment of the section start address. If the section start address is not aligned to the PMD size, a VM_BUG_ON will be triggered when setting the PMD-sized page to page table. In this patch, we are aligning the section vmemmap start address to PAGE_SIZE. After alignment, the start address will not be part of the current namespace, and a normal page will be allocated for the vmemmap mapping of the current section. For the remaining sections, altmaps will be allocated. During the free operation, the normal page will be correctly freed. In the same way, a PMD_SIZE vmemmap page will be allocated only if the section start address is PMD_SIZE-aligned; otherwise, it will fall back to a PAGE-sized vmemmap allocation. Without this patch ================== NS1 start NS2 start _________________________________________________________ | NS1 | NS2 | --------------------------------------------------------- | Altmap| Altmap | .....|Altmap| Altmap | ........... | NS1 | NS1 ---truncated---

How to fix

Remediation Available
linuxDebian
Fixed in:6.12.29-1CVE-2025-37922
Fixed in:6.12.29-1CVE-2025-37922
linuxUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100USN-8028-1
linux-awsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-aws-6.14Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.14.0-1009.9~24.04.1USN-7665-2
linux-aws-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
linux-aws-fipsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49+fips1USN-8028-4
linux-azureUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.52USN-8074-1
linux-azure-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1051.57~22.04.1USN-8126-1
linux-azure-fipsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.52+fips1USN-8074-2
linux-fipsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100+fips1USN-8028-4
linux-gcpUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50USN-8031-3
linux-gcp-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50~22.04.2USN-8031-1
linux-gcp-fipsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50+fips1USN-8031-2
linux-gkeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.48USN-8031-3
linux-gkeopUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1030.33USN-8028-5
linux-hwe-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
linux-ibmUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1044.44USN-8028-8
linux-ibm-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1044.44~22.04.1USN-8028-8
linux-image-6.14.0-1007-oemUbuntu
Fixed in:6.14.0-1007.7USN-7650-1
linux-image-6.14.0-1009-awsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.14.0-1009.9~24.04.1USN-7665-2
linux-image-6.14.0-1009-aws-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.14.0-1009.9~24.04.1USN-7665-2
linux-image-6.8.0-100-fipsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100+fips1USN-8028-4
linux-image-6.8.0-100-genericUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100USN-8028-1
linux-image-6.8.0-100-generic-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100USN-8028-1
linux-image-6.8.0-100-lowlatencyUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1~22.04.1USN-8028-6
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1USN-8052-1
linux-image-6.8.0-100-lowlatency-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1~22.04.1USN-8028-6
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1USN-8052-1
linux-image-6.8.0-1023-xilinxUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1023.24USN-8052-2
linux-image-6.8.0-1030-gkeopUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1030.33USN-8028-5
linux-image-6.8.0-1043-gkeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.48USN-8031-3
linux-image-6.8.0-1043-gke-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.48USN-8031-3
linux-image-6.8.0-1043-oracleUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44USN-8028-5
linux-image-6.8.0-1043-oracle-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44USN-8028-5
linux-image-6.8.0-1044-ibmUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1044.44~22.04.1USN-8028-8
Fixed in:6.8.0-1044.44USN-8028-8
linux-image-6.8.0-1046-awsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-image-6.8.0-1046-aws-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-image-6.8.0-1046-aws-fipsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49+fips1USN-8028-4
linux-image-6.8.0-1046-azureUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.52USN-8074-1
linux-image-6.8.0-1046-azure-fipsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.52+fips1USN-8074-2
linux-image-6.8.0-1046-nvidiaUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-image-6.8.0-1046-nvidia-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-image-6.8.0-1046-nvidia-lowlatencyUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49.1USN-8028-7
linux-image-6.8.0-1046-nvidia-lowlatency-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49.1USN-8028-7
linux-image-6.8.0-1047-gcpUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50~22.04.2USN-8031-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50USN-8031-3
linux-image-6.8.0-1047-gcp-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50~22.04.2USN-8031-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50USN-8031-3
linux-image-6.8.0-1047-gcp-fipsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50+fips1USN-8031-2
linux-image-6.8.0-1047-raspiUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.51USN-8028-1
linux-image-6.8.0-1051-azureUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1051.57~22.04.1USN-8126-1
linux-image-6.8.0-2037-raspi-realtimeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-2037.38USN-8028-3
linux-image-6.8.1-1041-realtimeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.1-1041.42~22.04.1USN-8028-2
Fixed in:6.8.1-1041.42USN-8028-3
linux-image-awsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.14.0-1009.9~24.04.1USN-7665-2
linux-image-aws-6.14Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.14.0-1009.9~24.04.1USN-7665-2
linux-image-aws-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-image-aws-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.14.0-1009.9~24.04.1USN-7665-2
linux-image-aws-64k-6.14Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.14.0-1009.9~24.04.1USN-7665-2
linux-image-aws-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-image-aws-64k-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-image-aws-fipsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49+fips1USN-8028-4
linux-image-aws-fips-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49+fips1USN-8028-4
linux-image-aws-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-image-azureUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1051.57~22.04.1USN-8126-1
linux-image-azure-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1051.57~22.04.1USN-8126-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.52USN-8074-1
linux-image-azure-fipsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.52+fips1USN-8074-2
linux-image-azure-fips-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.52+fips1USN-8074-2
linux-image-azure-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.52USN-8074-1
linux-image-fipsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100+fips1USN-8028-4
linux-image-fips-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100+fips1USN-8028-4
linux-image-gcpUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50~22.04.2USN-8031-1
linux-image-gcp-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50~22.04.2USN-8031-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50USN-8031-3
linux-image-gcp-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50~22.04.2USN-8031-1
linux-image-gcp-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50~22.04.2USN-8031-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50USN-8031-3
linux-image-gcp-64k-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50USN-8031-3
linux-image-gcp-fipsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50+fips1USN-8031-2
linux-image-gcp-fips-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50+fips1USN-8031-2
linux-image-gcp-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.50USN-8031-3
linux-image-genericUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100USN-8028-1
linux-image-generic-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100USN-8028-1
linux-image-generic-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100USN-8028-1
linux-image-generic-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100USN-8028-1
linux-image-generic-64k-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
linux-image-generic-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
linux-image-generic-lpaeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100USN-8028-1
linux-image-gkeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.48USN-8031-3
linux-image-gke-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.48USN-8031-3
linux-image-gke-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.48USN-8031-3
linux-image-gke-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.48USN-8031-3
linux-image-gkeopUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1030.33USN-8028-5
linux-image-gkeop-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1030.33USN-8028-5
linux-image-ibmUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1044.44USN-8028-8
linux-image-ibm-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1044.44~22.04.1USN-8028-8
Fixed in:6.8.0-1044.44USN-8028-8
linux-image-ibm-classicUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1044.44USN-8028-8
linux-image-ibm-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1044.44USN-8028-8
linux-image-intel-iot-realtimeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.1-1041.42USN-8028-3
linux-image-intel-iotgUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100USN-8028-1
linux-image-kvmUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100USN-8028-1
linux-image-lowlatencyUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1USN-8052-1
linux-image-lowlatency-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1~22.04.1USN-8028-6
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1USN-8052-1
linux-image-lowlatency-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1USN-8052-1
linux-image-lowlatency-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1~22.04.1USN-8028-6
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1USN-8052-1
linux-image-lowlatency-64k-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1~22.04.1USN-8028-6
linux-image-lowlatency-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1~22.04.1USN-8028-6
linux-image-nvidiaUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-image-nvidia-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-image-nvidia-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-image-nvidia-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-image-nvidia-64k-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
linux-image-nvidia-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
linux-image-nvidia-lowlatencyUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49.1USN-8028-7
linux-image-nvidia-lowlatency-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49.1USN-8028-7
linux-image-nvidia-lowlatency-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49.1USN-8028-7
linux-image-nvidia-lowlatency-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49.1USN-8028-7
linux-image-oem-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
linux-image-oem-22.04aUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
linux-image-oem-22.04bUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
linux-image-oem-22.04cUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
linux-image-oem-22.04dUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
linux-image-oem-24.04cUbuntu
Fixed in:6.14.0-1007.7USN-7650-1
linux-image-oem-6.14Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.14.0-1007.7USN-7650-1
linux-image-oracleUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44~22.04.1USN-8028-5
linux-image-oracle-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44USN-8028-5
linux-image-oracle-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44~22.04.1USN-8028-5
linux-image-oracle-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44~22.04.1USN-8028-5
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44USN-8028-5
linux-image-oracle-64k-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44USN-8028-5
linux-image-oracle-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44USN-8028-5
linux-image-raspiUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.51USN-8028-1
linux-image-raspi-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.51USN-8028-1
linux-image-raspi-realtimeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-2037.38USN-8028-3
linux-image-raspi-realtime-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-2037.38USN-8028-3
linux-image-realtimeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.1-1041.42USN-8028-3
linux-image-realtime-6.8.1Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.1-1041.42~22.04.1USN-8028-2
Fixed in:6.8.1-1041.42USN-8028-3
linux-image-realtime-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.1-1041.42~22.04.1USN-8028-2
linux-image-virtualUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100USN-8028-1
linux-image-virtual-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100USN-8028-1
linux-image-virtual-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100~22.04.1USN-8028-6
linux-image-xilinxUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0.1023.24USN-8052-2
linux-image-xilinx-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0.1023.24USN-8052-2
linux-image-xilinx-zynqmpUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0.1023.24USN-8052-2
linux-lowlatencyUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1USN-8052-1
linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-100.100.1~22.04.1USN-8028-6
linux-nvidiaUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49USN-8028-5
linux-nvidia-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49~22.04.1USN-8028-5
linux-nvidia-lowlatencyUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1046.49.1USN-8028-7
linux-oem-6.14Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.14.0-1007.7USN-7650-1
linux-oracleUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44USN-8028-5
linux-oracle-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1043.44~22.04.1USN-8028-5
linux-raspiUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1047.51USN-8028-1
linux-raspi-realtimeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-2037.38USN-8028-3
linux-realtimeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.1-1041.42USN-8028-3
linux-realtime-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.1-1041.42~22.04.1USN-8028-2
linux-xilinxUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1023.24USN-8052-2

Remediation is compiled from vendor and distribution security advisories. Always confirm against the linked source for your exact version and platform.

CVSS v3 Vector

Exploitability

Attack VectorLocal
Attack ComplexityLow
Privileges RequiredLow
User InteractionNone
ScopeUnchanged

Impact

ConfidentialityNone
IntegrityNone
AvailabilityHigh

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

Exploit Intelligence

0.16%probability of exploitation in 30 days
6thpercentile

Low risk: more likely to be exploited than 6% of all known CVEs.

References

Related Vulnerabilities

Other CWE-476 (NULL Pointer Dereference) vulnerabilities, ordered by exploit likelihood. View all

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CVE-2023-21758High7.592%-Fix
CVE-2023-21547High7.588%-Fix
CVE-2014-3470Medium4.386%-Fix
CVE-2021-44224High8.282%-Fix
CVE-2016-0742High7.582%-Fix
CVE-2009-1386Medium5.080%-Fix
Embed a live status badge for CVE-2025-37922
CVE-2025-37922 severity badge

Markdown

[![CVE-2025-37922](https://tridentstack.com/cve/badge/CVE-2025-37922.svg)](https://tridentstack.com/cve/CVE-2025-37922)

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<a href="https://tridentstack.com/cve/CVE-2025-37922"><img src="https://tridentstack.com/cve/badge/CVE-2025-37922.svg" alt="CVE-2025-37922"></a>

Find and fix vulnerabilities across your fleet

TridentStack Control continuously scans your Windows, macOS, and Linux fleet for known vulnerabilities, prioritizes them by severity and active exploitation, and patches them automatically.

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This product uses NVD data but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. EPSS scores courtesy of FIRST.org (https://www.first.org/epss). Source: CISA KEV Catalog. Data as of 2025-11-10.