CVE & CISA-KEV Catalog

CVE-2024-57999

MEDIUM
5.5
CVSS v3
NVD

Description

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: powerpc/pseries/iommu: IOMMU incorrectly marks MMIO range in DDW Power Hypervisor can possibily allocate MMIO window intersecting with Dynamic DMA Window (DDW) range, which is over 32-bit addressing. These MMIO pages needs to be marked as reserved so that IOMMU doesn't map DMA buffers in this range. The current code is not marking these pages correctly which is resulting in LPAR to OOPS while booting. The stack is at below BUG: Unable to handle kernel data access on read at 0xc00800005cd40000 Faulting instruction address: 0xc00000000005cdac Oops: Kernel access of bad area, sig: 11 [#1] LE PAGE_SIZE=64K MMU=Hash SMP NR_CPUS=2048 NUMA pSeries Modules linked in: af_packet rfkill ibmveth(X) lpfc(+) nvmet_fc nvmet nvme_keyring crct10dif_vpmsum nvme_fc nvme_fabrics nvme_core be2net(+) nvme_auth rtc_generic nfsd auth_rpcgss nfs_acl lockd grace sunrpc fuse configfs ip_tables x_tables xfs libcrc32c dm_service_time ibmvfc(X) scsi_transport_fc vmx_crypto gf128mul crc32c_vpmsum dm_mirror dm_region_hash dm_log dm_multipath dm_mod sd_mod scsi_dh_emc scsi_dh_rdac scsi_dh_alua t10_pi crc64_rocksoft_generic crc64_rocksoft sg crc64 scsi_mod Supported: Yes, External CPU: 8 PID: 241 Comm: kworker/8:1 Kdump: loaded Not tainted 6.4.0-150600.23.14-default #1 SLE15-SP6 b44ee71c81261b9e4bab5e0cde1f2ed891d5359b Hardware name: IBM,9080-M9S POWER9 (raw) 0x4e2103 0xf000005 of:IBM,FW950.B0 (VH950_149) hv:phyp pSeries Workqueue: events work_for_cpu_fn NIP: c00000000005cdac LR: c00000000005e830 CTR: 0000000000000000 REGS: c00001400c9ff770 TRAP: 0300 Not tainted (6.4.0-150600.23.14-default) MSR: 800000000280b033 <SF,VEC,VSX,EE,FP,ME,IR,DR,RI,LE> CR: 24228448 XER: 00000001 CFAR: c00000000005cdd4 DAR: c00800005cd40000 DSISR: 40000000 IRQMASK: 0 GPR00: c00000000005e830 c00001400c9ffa10 c000000001987d00 c00001400c4fe800 GPR04: 0000080000000000 0000000000000001 0000000004000000 0000000000800000 GPR08: 0000000004000000 0000000000000001 c00800005cd40000 ffffffffffffffff GPR12: 0000000084228882 c00000000a4c4f00 0000000000000010 0000080000000000 GPR16: c00001400c4fe800 0000000004000000 0800000000000000 c00000006088b800 GPR20: c00001401a7be980 c00001400eff3800 c000000002a2da68 000000000000002b GPR24: c0000000026793a8 c000000002679368 000000000000002a c0000000026793c8 GPR28: 000008007effffff 0000080000000000 0000000000800000 c00001400c4fe800 NIP [c00000000005cdac] iommu_table_reserve_pages+0xac/0x100 LR [c00000000005e830] iommu_init_table+0x80/0x1e0 Call Trace: [c00001400c9ffa10] [c00000000005e810] iommu_init_table+0x60/0x1e0 (unreliable) [c00001400c9ffa90] [c00000000010356c] iommu_bypass_supported_pSeriesLP+0x9cc/0xe40 [c00001400c9ffc30] [c00000000005c300] dma_iommu_dma_supported+0xf0/0x230 [c00001400c9ffcb0] [c00000000024b0c4] dma_supported+0x44/0x90 [c00001400c9ffcd0] [c00000000024b14c] dma_set_mask+0x3c/0x80 [c00001400c9ffd00] [c0080000555b715c] be_probe+0xc4/0xb90 [be2net] [c00001400c9ffdc0] [c000000000986f3c] local_pci_probe+0x6c/0x110 [c00001400c9ffe40] [c000000000188f28] work_for_cpu_fn+0x38/0x60 [c00001400c9ffe70] [c00000000018e454] process_one_work+0x314/0x620 [c00001400c9fff10] [c00000000018f280] worker_thread+0x2b0/0x620 [c00001400c9fff90] [c00000000019bb18] kthread+0x148/0x150 [c00001400c9fffe0] [c00000000000ded8] start_kernel_thread+0x14/0x18 There are 2 issues in the code 1. The index is "int" while the address is "unsigned long". This results in negative value when setting the bitmap. 2. The DMA offset is page shifted but the MMIO range is used as-is (64-bit address). MMIO address needs to be page shifted as well.

How to fix

Remediation Available
linuxDebian
Fixed in:6.12.13-1CVE-2024-57999
Fixed in:6.12.13-1CVE-2024-57999
linuxUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67USN-7651-1
linux-awsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34USN-7651-1
linux-aws-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
linux-azureUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39USN-7737-1
linux-azure-6.11Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1015.15~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-azure-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39~22.04.1USN-7737-1
linux-azure-nvidiaUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1022.23USN-7737-1
linux-gcpUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35USN-7651-4
linux-gcp-6.11Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1015.15~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-gcp-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35~22.04.1USN-7651-4
linux-gkeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1028.32USN-7651-3
linux-gkeopUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1015.17USN-7651-3
linux-hwe-6.11Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-26.26~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-hwe-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
linux-ibmUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.29USN-7651-2
linux-ibm-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.29~22.04.1USN-7651-2
linux-image-6.11.0-1014-lowlatencyUbuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1014.15~24.04.1USN-7521-3
linux-image-6.11.0-1014-lowlatency-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1014.15~24.04.1USN-7521-3
linux-image-6.11.0-1015-azureUbuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1015.15~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-image-6.11.0-1015-azure-fdeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1015.15~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-image-6.11.0-1015-gcpUbuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1015.15~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-image-6.11.0-1015-gcp-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1015.15~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-image-6.11.0-1022-oemUbuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1022.22USN-7521-1
linux-image-6.11.0-26-genericUbuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-26.26~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-image-6.11.0-26-generic-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-26.26~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-image-6.8.0-1015-gkeopUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1015.17USN-7651-3
linux-image-6.8.0-1022-azure-nvidiaUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1022.23USN-7737-1
linux-image-6.8.0-1028-gkeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1028.32USN-7651-3
linux-image-6.8.0-1029-ibmUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.29~22.04.1USN-7651-2
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.29USN-7651-2
linux-image-6.8.0-1029-oracleUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30~22.04.1USN-7651-3
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30USN-7651-3
linux-image-6.8.0-1029-oracle-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30~22.04.1USN-7651-3
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30USN-7651-3
linux-image-6.8.0-1031-nvidiaUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34USN-7651-3
linux-image-6.8.0-1031-nvidia-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34USN-7651-3
linux-image-6.8.0-1031-nvidia-lowlatencyUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34.1USN-7651-3
linux-image-6.8.0-1031-nvidia-lowlatency-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34.1USN-7651-3
linux-image-6.8.0-1031-oemUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.31USN-7651-1
linux-image-6.8.0-1031-raspiUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.35USN-7651-6
linux-image-6.8.0-1032-awsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34USN-7651-1
linux-image-6.8.0-1032-aws-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34USN-7651-1
linux-image-6.8.0-1033-gcpUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35~22.04.1USN-7651-4
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35USN-7651-4
linux-image-6.8.0-1033-gcp-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35~22.04.1USN-7651-4
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35USN-7651-4
linux-image-6.8.0-1034-azureUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39~22.04.1USN-7737-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39USN-7737-1
linux-image-6.8.0-1034-azure-fdeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39~22.04.1USN-7737-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39USN-7737-1
linux-image-6.8.0-2026-raspi-realtimeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-2026.27USN-7651-5
linux-image-6.8.0-64-genericUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67USN-7651-1
linux-image-6.8.0-64-generic-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67USN-7651-1
linux-image-6.8.0-64-lowlatencyUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1~22.04.1USN-7651-2
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1USN-7651-2
linux-image-6.8.0-64-lowlatency-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1~22.04.1USN-7651-2
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1USN-7651-2
linux-image-6.8.1-1025-realtimeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.1-1025.26USN-7652-1
linux-image-awsUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
linux-image-aws-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34USN-7651-1
linux-image-aws-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
linux-image-aws-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34USN-7651-1
linux-image-aws-64k-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34USN-7651-1
linux-image-aws-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1032.34USN-7651-1
linux-image-azureUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39~22.04.1USN-7737-1
Fixed in:6.11.0-1015.15~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-image-azure-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39~22.04.1USN-7737-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39USN-7737-1
linux-image-azure-fdeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39~22.04.1USN-7737-1
Fixed in:6.11.0-1015.15~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-image-azure-fde-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39~22.04.1USN-7737-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39USN-7737-1
linux-image-azure-fde-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39USN-7737-1
linux-image-azure-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1034.39USN-7737-1
linux-image-azure-nvidiaUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1022.23USN-7737-1
linux-image-azure-nvidia-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1022.23USN-7737-1
linux-image-azure-nvidia-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1022.23USN-7737-1
linux-image-gcpUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35~22.04.1USN-7651-4
Fixed in:6.11.0-1015.15~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-image-gcp-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35~22.04.1USN-7651-4
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35USN-7651-4
linux-image-gcp-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35~22.04.1USN-7651-4
Fixed in:6.11.0-1015.15~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-image-gcp-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35~22.04.1USN-7651-4
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35USN-7651-4
linux-image-gcp-64k-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35USN-7651-4
linux-image-gcp-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1033.35USN-7651-4
linux-image-genericUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67USN-7651-1
linux-image-generic-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67USN-7651-1
linux-image-generic-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67USN-7651-1
linux-image-generic-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67USN-7651-1
linux-image-generic-64k-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
linux-image-generic-64k-hwe-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-26.26~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-image-generic-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
linux-image-generic-hwe-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-26.26~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-image-generic-lpaeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67USN-7651-1
linux-image-gkeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1028.32USN-7651-3
linux-image-gke-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1028.32USN-7651-3
linux-image-gkeopUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1015.17USN-7651-3
linux-image-gkeop-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1015.17USN-7651-3
linux-image-ibmUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.29USN-7651-2
linux-image-ibm-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.29~22.04.1USN-7651-2
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.29USN-7651-2
linux-image-ibm-classicUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.29USN-7651-2
linux-image-ibm-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.29USN-7651-2
linux-image-kvmUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67USN-7651-1
linux-image-lowlatencyUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1USN-7651-2
linux-image-lowlatency-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1~22.04.1USN-7651-2
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1USN-7651-2
linux-image-lowlatency-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1USN-7651-2
linux-image-lowlatency-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1~22.04.1USN-7651-2
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1USN-7651-2
linux-image-lowlatency-64k-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1~22.04.1USN-7651-2
linux-image-lowlatency-64k-hwe-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1014.15~24.04.1USN-7521-3
linux-image-lowlatency-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1~22.04.1USN-7651-2
linux-image-lowlatency-hwe-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1014.15~24.04.1USN-7521-3
linux-image-nvidiaUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34USN-7651-3
linux-image-nvidia-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34USN-7651-3
linux-image-nvidia-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34USN-7651-3
linux-image-nvidia-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34USN-7651-3
linux-image-nvidia-64k-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
linux-image-nvidia-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
linux-image-nvidia-lowlatencyUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34.1USN-7651-3
linux-image-nvidia-lowlatency-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34.1USN-7651-3
linux-image-nvidia-lowlatency-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34.1USN-7651-3
linux-image-nvidia-lowlatency-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34.1USN-7651-3
linux-image-oem-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
linux-image-oem-22.04aUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
linux-image-oem-22.04bUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
linux-image-oem-22.04cUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
linux-image-oem-22.04dUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
linux-image-oem-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.31USN-7651-1
linux-image-oem-24.04aUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.31USN-7651-1
linux-image-oem-24.04bUbuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1022.22USN-7521-1
linux-image-oem-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.31USN-7651-1
linux-image-oracleUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30~22.04.1USN-7651-3
linux-image-oracle-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30~22.04.1USN-7651-3
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30USN-7651-3
linux-image-oracle-64kUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30~22.04.1USN-7651-3
linux-image-oracle-64k-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30~22.04.1USN-7651-3
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30USN-7651-3
linux-image-oracle-64k-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30USN-7651-3
linux-image-oracle-lts-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30USN-7651-3
linux-image-raspiUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.35USN-7651-6
linux-image-raspi-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.35USN-7651-6
linux-image-raspi-realtimeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-2026.27USN-7651-5
linux-image-raspi-realtime-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-2026.27USN-7651-5
linux-image-realtimeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.1-1025.26USN-7652-1
linux-image-realtime-6.8.1Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.1-1025.26USN-7652-1
linux-image-virtualUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67USN-7651-1
linux-image-virtual-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67USN-7651-1
linux-image-virtual-hwe-22.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67~22.04.1USN-7653-1
linux-image-virtual-hwe-24.04Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-26.26~24.04.1USN-7521-1
linux-lowlatencyUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1USN-7651-2
linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.11Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1014.15~24.04.1USN-7521-3
linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-64.67.1~22.04.1USN-7651-2
linux-nvidiaUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34USN-7651-3
linux-nvidia-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34~22.04.1USN-7651-3
linux-nvidia-lowlatencyUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.34.1USN-7651-3
linux-oem-6.11Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.11.0-1022.22USN-7521-1
linux-oem-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.31USN-7651-1
linux-oracleUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30USN-7651-3
linux-oracle-6.8Ubuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1029.30~22.04.1USN-7651-3
linux-raspiUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-1031.35USN-7651-6
linux-raspi-realtimeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.0-2026.27USN-7651-5
linux-realtimeUbuntu
Fixed in:6.8.1-1025.26USN-7652-1

Remediation is compiled from vendor and distribution security advisories. Always confirm against the linked source for your exact version and platform.

CVSS v3 Vector

Exploitability

Attack VectorLocal
Attack ComplexityLow
Privileges RequiredLow
User InteractionNone
ScopeUnchanged

Impact

ConfidentialityNone
IntegrityNone
AvailabilityHigh

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

Exploit Intelligence

0.21%probability of exploitation in 30 days
11thpercentile

Low risk: more likely to be exploited than 11% of all known CVEs.

References

Embed a live status badge for CVE-2024-57999
CVE-2024-57999 severity badge

Markdown

[![CVE-2024-57999](https://tridentstack.com/cve/badge/CVE-2024-57999.svg)](https://tridentstack.com/cve/CVE-2024-57999)

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<a href="https://tridentstack.com/cve/CVE-2024-57999"><img src="https://tridentstack.com/cve/badge/CVE-2024-57999.svg" alt="CVE-2024-57999"></a>

Find and fix vulnerabilities across your fleet

TridentStack Control continuously scans your Windows, macOS, and Linux fleet for known vulnerabilities, prioritizes them by severity and active exploitation, and patches them automatically.

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This product uses NVD data but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. EPSS scores courtesy of FIRST.org (https://www.first.org/epss). Source: CISA KEV Catalog. Data as of 2025-10-23.