Is CVE-2016-4431 in the CISA KEV catalog?

No. CVE-2016-4431 is not currently on the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities list.

What is the CVSS severity of CVE-2016-4431?

CVE-2016-4431 has a CVSS v3 base score of 7.5 (HIGH).

What is the EPSS score for CVE-2016-4431?

CVE-2016-4431 has an EPSS score of 10.01% (95th percentile), estimating the probability of exploitation in the next 30 days.

CVE & CISA-KEV Catalog

CVE-2016-4431

HIGHEPSS 95th pctl

7.5

CVSS v3

NVD

Description

Apache Struts 2 2.3.20 through 2.3.28.1 allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions and conduct redirection attacks by leveraging a default method.

CWE-20Improper Input Validation

CVSS v3 Vector

Exploitability

Attack VectorNetwork

Attack ComplexityLow

Privileges RequiredNone

User InteractionNone

ScopeUnchanged

Impact

ConfidentialityNone

IntegrityHigh

AvailabilityNone

CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

Exploit Intelligence

10.01%probability of exploitation in 30 days

95thpercentile

Very high risk: more likely to be exploited than 95% of all known CVEs.

References

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This product uses NVD data but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD. EPSS scores courtesy of FIRST.org (https://www.first.org/epss). Source: CISA KEV Catalog. Data as of 2026-05-06.